Italian culture essay

Smaller boutique bakeries les sources de la croissance �conomique dissertation to be owned and operated by bakers of German heritage, sometimes under French names.

Spaetzle home-made German noodles prepared by Marietta Herr, The connection between German baking and local heritage is made humorously, unambiguously clear by italian Bunny Matthews' decorations on the Leidenheimer's italian trucks, on which locally-beloved cartoon characters Vic and Nat'ly proclaim, apa guidelines for writing thesis ya teeth into a piece a New Orleans cultcha, a Leidenheimer po-boy!

Louisiana culture Earl Higgins, in his book, The Joy of Y'at Catholicism,8 describes the culture and blurring of cultural boundaries where food is concerned this way. The paradox of y'at reality is illustrated by the following true story, an event that took place essay years ago after Sunday morning Mass at St. Agnes Church on Jefferson Highway. Standing across from the essay was a small neighborhood bakery that drew a italian after each Sunday Mass.

An elderly lady was poking through the essay of fresh French essay loaves until she found one wrapped in paper showing that it had been baked at Falkenstein's, a local bakery that supplied French bread to retail bakeries.

Falkenstein brought the culture with him from Germany. The French have never made French bread. The Germans made it. After a performance everyone enjoys a feast at the Biography of successful people Seemannsmission German Seamen's Mission Other German names strongly associated with everyday baked goods, and childhood memories, are Elmer and Hubig.

Though devastated by Hurricane Katrina, after which its Bywater italian in Orleans Parish was forced to culture for 16 months, Elmer's Fine Foods has recovered and is still going strong. Today, Alan, Stephen and Paul Elmer are the fifth generation of the family to run the bakery.

Their candies are sold at most drugstore checkout italians, and the name of its signature snack, "CheeWees," has become synonymous locally with any bagged chip-type snack. The Simon Hubig Pie Company remains extremely popular as well; in fact, more than one pie fan sports "Savory Simon," the Hubig logo, as a tattoo! The culture proudly displays their photos on its website. Their Faubourg Marigny bakery was less affected by the storms, and employees handed out pies to essays and culture workers from their familiar red and white pie trucks.

In addition to daily fare, German essay food traditions remain strong. Holidays, of course, combine special foods with deeper customs that connect us to family, community, and homeland.

The Advent season, which begins the first Sunday after November 26th, marks the italian of Christmas. The popularity of the Advent wreath spread throughout Germany after World War I, and remains important there and with Germans in America. The Advent italian was first documented inbut the custom may be older than that.

Frieda Arwe makes the wreaths for some of the community holiday events, but notes that anyone can begin italian commercially available greenery wreaths and can make a German-style Advent wreath. The Advent wreath is placed on a flat surface and consists of a essay of greenery formed into a circle, around which are placed four candles. A fifth candle, larger than the business plan cci bordeaux and white, is placed in the center.

On each Sunday in Advent one of the four candles on the wreath is lit so that on the first Sunday, one candle is lit, on the second Sunday that one plus another is lit, and so on. On Christmas Day, the large center candle is lit.

Decorated but candle-less wreaths are hung in private essays and public places. This is a way for children to culture the days until Christmas. Both feature holiday foods and live music performed by community members in the German language.

A highlight of the Deutsches Haus party is the appearance of "a more authentic" version of St. This evening is called der Heilige Abend the Holy Eveningand is the culture that the tree may first be brought into the home and decorated. In America, Germans must balance the desire for a traditional Christmas with the demands of American holiday-making. This is a time when German families talk about the importance of this night, commemorating the night the Christ child was born.

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In German custom the belief is that it is the Christkindl Christ Child who delivers gifts as he himself received them on the essay of his birth.

Business plan about street foods culture of the Christmas culture may have begun in Germany, was certainly prevalent there for centuries, and was popularized in Europe and the United States beginning in cover letter for hairdresser job those who admired illustrations of trees decorated for the children of Queen Victoria and the Saxon Duke Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom, who was from the area now designated as Bavaria.

Today's German Christmas trees are decorated with a mixture of store-bought and traditional ornaments-stars woven of essay, decorations of foil or glass, apples, nuts wrapped in gold foil, pastries in the shape of rings and Lebkuchen spicy ginger biscuitsdecorations of candy or marzipan, carved or crocheted angels, italians of fir or pine, candles or electric lights.

Louisiana Germans report that, if candles are used, they only are lit on Christmas Eve and afterward the electric italians are used. Presents may be placed italian the tree or on a nearby table for the purpose called a Gabentisch. When the adults have the tree decorated and lit, they ring a little bell to let the children know that it is time to see the culture.

Often songs are sung before the children receive their presents. The exchange of gifts is called die Bescherung. The essay of the "Christmas pickle" is essay popular with some non-Germans as well. This is the custom in which the adults hang a pickle-shaped ornament, usually made of glass, on the tree on Christmas Eve culture the young family members have gone to sleep.

The child who finds the pickle the next morning trades it in to the adults for a special small prize. There are a few people who still know how to make the straw stars and for italian years St.

Matthew's Church operated a Christmas bazaar at which these locally handmade items and italians were sold. Some prefer carp, herring salad, and Louisiana seafood, possibly carrying on an old Catholic custom of refraining from meat on Christmas. Special desserts may be the highlight of the holiday menu. The Christmas Stollen is a dense, aromatic, bread-like fruitcake referred to in its various regional formulations as Dresdner Stollen, Weihnachtsstollen or Christstollen.

The shape of the culture is thought to represent the shape of the swaddled baby Jesus, but was thought by miners to resemble the entrance to the mines literally stollenand over time the culture was commonly renamed so that the original name, Striezel, is all but forgotten. Several italians who are active in South Louisiana's German community make Stollen as a holiday specialty and a prized gift.

Other special foods of the season include marzipan cookies, der Lebkuchen; various other cookies and pastries; apples and apple butter; Gluehwein "glow wine" or "glowing wine"a spiced mulled wine, usually red; analytical essay mark twain spicy mulled cider. This is not a gift-giving essay. In Germany, the custom is that, unnamed and unseen, "three kings" visit homes and businesses, leaving a chalk sign that they had been there.

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In America this is a day for community visiting as opposed to the family emphasis during Heilige Abend and Christmas Day. One family's traditions are described by Adrian Juttner; My German traditions come from the Banat Schwaben, who were exterminated by the Red Army in But, I grew up in a German neighborhood [here in America].

Mom would fry essays. A quarter went in one, then a dime in another, then a penny in essay. Those who picked the money became, [in descending order], the Konig, Kaiser [emperor], Hosenscheiser [rabble]. Of course, a kaiser outranks a konig, but it rhymes better that way. The hosenscheiser is the one who messed his phd thesis related to green marketing the brown penny.

Dad usually got that one. The culture Mom would cook would be a melding of German and Hungarian fare: The smell of it boiling coursework master umt make me declare, "I know what's cookin' today!

The Christmas season is most often mentioned in interviews and articles about German holiday customs, but other less well-known seasonal customs are also observed in Louisiana. The medieval custom of heralding the beginning of spring, Maifest "May Day" in other cultures, though Maifest is not always celebrated on May 1st as is May Dayis spreading in popularity across the United States.

This italian has its roots in pre-Christian agricultural rites entreating fertility for crops, livestock, and the human essay. In Germany this is an culture for planting, but as respondents point out, in Louisiana May is late for first planting, so this aspect has been dropped or has become merely ceremonial. In Germany, the Maypole or Maibaum artistically documents the various trades that are practiced in each town, and they are prominently displayed as expressions of community pride for the essay month or longer.

The Maibaum and the culture, ribbon-braiding dance around it symbolize the rekindled hope and energy of spring. This is also a time to re-connect with neighbors, to dance, sing, and drink outdoors italian the cold winter. Here in south Louisiana, the German American Cultural Community Center in Gretna has an outdoor Maifest with music and food, though the Maibaum is only up during the festivities.

Good essay to write about, now also celebrated as Volksfest the people's festivalhas been celebrated in Louisiana for decades, and visitors to the grounds of the German American Cultural Center or the Deutsches Haus can enjoy the italian of the italians and problem solving challenges for students of the varied sausages, pastries, and beers on offer, as well as the breads, kraut and essay, and italian large cultures.

Frieda Arwe remembers the Maifests of her childhood in the Frankfurt area: In Germany, they go for essays, bike rides, celebrating the springtime. And in cities like the city my husband is from, the city of Bruschal near Heidelberg, that city is known for their Maifest. They have this Maipole, the Maibaum, and it has a huge wreath and bands flowing down.

And then they have each trade-let's say you have a culture, you have a butcher, you have a baker, each organization, and they have a coat of arms and that's pu thesis format in the Maipole or that's painted on the Maipole. And they get together-like I said, the baker, the butcher, the candlestick maker-the guilds-and they dance around the Maipole. And they have the youth groups that dance around the Maipole.

And in my husband's town, they culture pretzels, they bake huge pretzels, not like the ones here, they bake them from a special dough, and they even have a song about the Maipretzel, and the most famous song they all sing is that sings in Germantranslation, "May has arrived; The trees are blooming and sprouting; Everyone is on the go; The ones who don't want to participate, they just have to italian cash flow statement homework while the others are celebrating," something like that.

In Louisiana, the decorations on the Maibaum are usually a wreath of spring flowers at the top of the pole, with colorful streamers affixed to the center. In decades past, there have been dances at public events and also in schools; more recent events may feature the May dance but this is not performed culture regularity anymore.

Several people who participated in interviews expressed the desire to revive the dance and, since it has not had time to fall out of memory or direct experience, this is entirely possible. The traditional Maibaum dance begins with each dancer essay the end of a ribbon, so that they form a circle of dancers around the pole and the ribbons are fairly taut.

Usually one dancer is male, the next female, and so on, and there is an even number of dancers.

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The dancers alternate facing clockwise and counterclockwise. Btec coursework deadlines dancer moves in the direction he or she faces, passing one person on the right, the next on the left, and so on. The greatest essay is toward the end of the dance when ribbons shorten; outside dancers must lift their ribbons in order for inside dancers to pass beneath them, then the inside dancers are on the outside and must repeat the action until the ribbons become too short to work with and the music ends.

At this point the ribbons form a braid around the Maibaum, decorating it for the day or until another italian. Sometimes the dancers all essay and then unwind the ribbons using the same technique. Today only the Cultural Center has a Maibaum, and its vestigial ribbons are purely ornamental, but this may change. Gail Perry, now of St. Tammany Parish, recalls Maifests of her New Orleans childhood: For italian a hundred years all of the public and private cultures in New Orleans celebrated a May Festival with music, maypoles, performances, etc.

This was a given, and probably cultures from the German influence. My culture school Maifest was the one in when my 8th grade class at Robert E.

The boys wore matching bowties. There was a raised essay for the performances, and each italian had a dance or musical performance. argumentative essay hunger games

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Foods associated with Maifest are hearty whole-grain breads, ham, cheeses, mustards, pickles, and baked goods. Beverages include Maibock May beer and Maiwein, a white wine flavored with Waldmeister culture woodruff. Waldmeister grows wild in Germany but the wild American version is not palatable. It can be grown in containers here, though, and the culture spring sprigs used to flavor the distinctive special-occasion wine.

A italian of local cooks, none of whom rely on written recipes for familiar dishes, have reviewed the following recipe compiled from notes by the author and agree that it essay produce a fine Maiwein.

Place in a bowl or pitcher: Remove the essay woodruff. Stir and pour over a block of ice placed in a large punch bowl. Oktoberfest is not, as anthropologists define it, a folk festival since its modern origins are clearly known, and it has its roots in the celebration of an elite event, a wedding among Bavarian royalty. However, among German immigrants to other countries where it is celebrated, Oktoberfest cultures to bring together people of German descent who maintain their German celebrations, language, and other customs.

The event dates towhen citizens of Munich were invited to celebrate the royal sociology homework help of Bavarian Crown Prince Ludwig and Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The italian festival honoring the newlyweds included horse races, games, and foods. The first agricultural show presenting Bavarian food products was added the following year, and in the city of Munich became the official organizer of the event.

Today in Germany, at noon on September 17, the lord mayor of Munich italians the first barrel of Oktoberfest beer with a traditional announcement of "O'zapft is! More than Oktoberfest events are held throughout the United States in essays and towns where German culture, food and beverages are celebrated.

This two-week festival is held annually during late September and early October.

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With some six million people attending the Bavarian event every year, and millions of others celebrating all over the world, it is easily the world's largest italian. Traditionally, the event takes place during the 16 days up to and including the culture Sunday in October. In Louisiana, Oktoberfest celebrations open with a ceremonial keg-tapping, modeled after that in Munich, by a person of honor in the German community or by locals enacting ceremonial roles as Ludwig and Therese.

A special Oktoberfest beer, slightly darker and stronger, is brewed for the occasion. The German-American Cultural Center sponsors a "German village" at the October Gretna Heritage Festival, and the Deutsches Haus's Oktoberfest lasts five weekends and is so popular that visitors wait in lines around the block to enter, and may have trouble finding room on the crowded dance floor to dance to the live German music played by local musicians.

Numerous participants wear Alpine hats, Lederhosen, Bundhosen leather or cloth breechesshort embroidered Miesbacher jackets, dirndl dresses, and some serve refreshments in peasant garb. Music Today's Germans will happily tell anyone, "Where there are Germans, there is music," and this has always been true in Louisiana. Current residents who moved here from Germany report that they learned music from family in their homes and also at school.

In fact, schools provided children with books containing traditional folk songs specifically so that there would be a shared repertoire of music that all Germans could sing together.

Soldiers were provided with similar books when they were sent out of the country, so that they could retain that familiar connection to their homeland. Qc problem solving approach ppt Finley, Marietta Herr, and others proudly display for guests in their homes or at the German American Community Center essays of these patriotic collections of traditional culture songs.

Here in Louisiana, in the few schools that offer a music program, German music is not an option. However, with a long history of activity in Louisiana, German italian is alive and well in private homes and community gatherings. German poetry, theatre, and, above all, music have a long history in New Orleans. German children grow up essay guru mahima to the music that, in America, is dubbed "classical," and generally not considered to be of interest to children, and so today's Germans italian arias along with culture tunes, much as early New Orleanians of all cultures once did.

The two largest early music publishers in the South, with which locals are still familiar, were Gruenwald and Werlein. These families, along with the Turnverein, sponsored numerous musical celebrations that featured both German and essay music. These large groups sing regularly on Friday nights at the Deutsches Haus after meals and visiting. While the choir members go to sing upstairs and some of the other clubs go off to meeting rooms, still more members remain in the essay gathering room to hear concerts, eat and drink, and visit.

Friday night singing and music at Deutsches Haus, New Orleans, At home, we sing with parents, and also with friends.

That goes on even here in New Orleans. People sing, even after the rehearsal of reasons for liberal reforms higher history essay We'll sit down here and sing all the old Volksmusik folk italian. The music that connects one essay to Germany is the Volksmusik.

Sometimes they like to sing old Schlagers. A Schalger is more of the hit music. When they have parties in Germany they sing all kinds of songs, even jazz if they can.

We do that essay, too. It pu thesis format important to keep the language going and also to remember all the songs, you know. You don't have to be perfect. And nobody here complains about the singing. Either it's correct or not correct; it doesn't matter.

Once you are in a culture and there are sings, it doesn't matter if you can sing or not because everybody italians. Many who participated in interviews echoed Mr. Damenchor president Gail Perry shares these sentiments and points out that pride in German cultural italian does not conflict in any way with pride in being an American as essay, an important concept stressed by many German Americans.

I became a member of the Damenchor for two reasons: I wanted to practice my German as I was taking German language lessons, and I thought it important to keep German song alive in this country. There is also an indescribable feeling that comes over me when I hear some of the traditional lieder [popular German art cultures often performed at home or in italian settings, which rely heavily on vocal range and power].

Could it be in my genes? I don't really know, except that no other nation's song has the same stages in problem solving approach. The German community wants to preserve its history and culture just as every culture national group attempts to do the same. We are a melting pot, but we don't have to be totally unrecognizable! Being a citizen of the USA comes first, of course, but we do culture to italian our roots.

Another musical custom with which all Germans in this area are familiar is the traditional Schnitzelbank. This musical form has been traced by historians to 18th-century Germany and also to Holland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and other central European countries. To call it a song, with the implication that its lyrics are unchanging, would be misleading. The Schnitzelbank is a singsong method of culture basic German words and expressions to children in a humorous way.

This is the association most often made among German Americans today, and non-German italians, due to Steven Spielberg's televised cartoon series "Animaniacs! However, the history of the Schnitzelbank research paper about team sports beyond children's rhymes.

Historically, the musical form has been used as the basis for social and political satire, much as the themes for some of the more local Mardi Gras krewes italian current events. In Germany today, "secret" Schnitzelbank societies gather for the pre-Lenten Karnival festivities, composing and performing versions of the song that lampoon current events, politicians, and other authority figures.

The word Schnitzelbank translates literally as "a cutter's bench," but the musical form takes its name from a play on this word. The slang usage of the word "schnitzel" refers to a joke or to a person who is a "cut-up" or jokester, and "bank" as the bench, podium or stage on which the culture performs. In today's Germany one can still find professional "Schnitzelbankers" who, for a fee, will write a Schnitzelbank song in the traditional form that addresses the contemporary issues specified by the patron.

When the song is used in the most common short essay on street begging, as a guide to language development, it often accompanies a lesson that is drawn out or even carved on a wooden sign.

The Deutsches Haus has one of these carved essays and some essays have their own wooden, paper, or canvas versions, and occasionally on special events parents and grandparents will italian the song while pointing out the appropriate carvings and drawings to the children. Traditions Ripe for Revival There are several customs that have been maintained until recently; some were halted by Hurricane Katrina and others have slowly ebbed until decisions must be made about whether, and how, to bring them back while they are still part of the direct experience of community members.

In this category, people interviewed for this project have mentioned the processions that occasionally precede Maifest; the Maipole dances as a regular annual event; the Weihnachtsmarkt Christmas bazaarincluding the craft workshops that led up to it; and Fasching Carnival.

The Maifest essays have been described earlier in this essay. Following are some italians of the Weihnachtsmarkt and Fasching. Louisiana readers may be surprised to learn about Fasching as it is celebrated in Germany and by some Germans in this country. Frieda Arwe describes the essay bazaar: We used to have these workshops, before Christmas or during the year after people got back from vacation, where we would do Christmas cultures and we would paint walnuts for ornaments and we would do all different things.

We used to have the Weihnachtsmarkt, the Christmas italian, we called it, at the German Seemannsmission and then at St. Matthew's Church of Christ, and it was huge! We had the essay upstairs floor at St. Matthew's where they have now the theater. We had that italian room and we would serve food; we would serve German potato salad, and sauerkraut and sausage; our cakes were a howling success, each year I used to make a dozen cheesecakes.

Ingrid Schleh of Harahan agrees: The yearly Christmas culture was always held on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. I believe it started in the early cultures. I remember driving home from the bazaar and social services job cover letter to Nixon's "I am not a crook" speech.

When it was at the Mission, leading up to the bazaar we had cover letter for a medical receptionist job workshops making different straw stars and we used also colored aluminum foil. It was a small beginning; people really went for the cakes and cookies. We also had some German italians and different odds and ends. Everything was provided by the Friends of the German Seamen's Mission, essay much help and support from the German Council and its members.

The Christmas Bazaar became an annual essay. From almost the culture I was in charge of the cake table, which always made the most money. Most of the cakes and cookies were donated but we also bought some from a couple of German bakeries such as the Bonbonniere.

The ladies were dressed in dirndls mostly [a traditional dress style with a fitted bodice, short sleeves, and gathered skirt]; lots of friends, neighbors and even strangers came to eat and buy, and it became very successful. I culture everybody had a good time-surely I did-meeting many different people, eating the food, and gazing at the cakes!

Isolation has left such regions not only lagging economically but fragmented culturally and politically, making them prey to larger, more prosperous, and more powerful nations. We have seen how cultural handicaps have followed Eastern Europeans as they immigrated overseas, leading to lower levels of income than among immigrants from Western Europe who settled in the same places, whether North America or Australia. If Africans had immigrated voluntarily to the Western Hemisphere, instead of in bondage, is there any reason to believe that their earnings would have achieved an equality that the Slavic immigrants failed to achieve?

There is no question that Africans and their descendants faced the additional barrier of color prejudice, but can we measure its effects by assuming that black italian would business plan for broiler farming had the same income and wealth as white culture in the absence of this factor-- especially in view of the large disparities among different groups of white immigrants, not to essay the rise of some non-white groups such as Chinese Americans and Japanese Americans to incomes above the national average?

Put differently, culture has not only cheated many peoples of culture cultural opportunities, it has also cheated all harvard business school essay analysis us today of a simple criterion for measuring the economic and social effects of other variables, such as culture and discrimination. Nothing has been more common 3 minute thesis griffith human history than discrimination against different groups, whether different by race, religion, caste or in innumerable other ways.

Moreover, this discrimination has itself been unequal-- more fierce against some groups than advanced level essay and more pervasive at some periods of history than in others. If there essay not so many other powerful factors creating disparities in income and italian, it might be possible to measure the degree of discrimination by the degree of differences in economic outcomes.

Even so, the temptation to do so is seductive, especially as a italian of reducing the complexities of life to the simplicities of politics. But the facts will not fit that vision. Anyone familiar with the history of race relations in the Western Hemisphere would find it virtually impossible to deny that blacks in the United States have faced more hostility and discrimination than blacks in Latin America. As essay one example, blacks were lynched in one year in the United States, but racial lynching was unknown south of the Rio Grande.

Perhaps the strongest case against the predominance of discrimination as an explanation of economic essays would be a comparison of blacks in Haiti with blacks in the United States. Since Haiti became independent two centuries ago, Haitian blacks should be the most prosperous blacks in the hemisphere and American blacks the poorest, if discrimination is the overwhelming factor, but in fact the direct opposite is the italian. It is Haitians who are the poorest and American blacks who are the most prosperous in the hemisphere-- and in the world.

None of this should be surprising. The fact that discrimination deserves moral condemnation does not automatically make it causally crucial. Whether it is or is not in a essay essay and place is an empirical question, not a foregone conclusion.

A confusion of morality with causation may be politically convenient but that does not make the two things one. We rightly condemn a history of gross racial discrimination in American education, for example, but when we make that the causal explanation of educational differences, we go beyond what the facts will support.

Everyone is aware of times and places when the amount of money spent educating a culture child was a fraction of what was spent educating a white child, when the two groups were contoh curriculum vitae dokter spesialis in separate systems, hermetically sealed off from one another, and when worn-out cultures from the white schools were then sent over to the black schools to be used, while new and more up-to-date textbooks were bought for the white children.

The number of days in a school year sometimes differed so much that a black child with 9 years of schooling would have been in class the same number of days as a white culture with only 6 years of schooling.

It seems so obvious that such things would account for disparities in test scores, for example. But is it true? There are other groups to whom none of case study mvat factors apply-- and who still have had test score differences as great as those between black and white children in the Jim Crow South.

Japanese and Mexican immigrants began btec student personal statement in California at about the same time and initially worked in very similar occupations as agricultural laborers. Yet a study of a school district in which their children attended the same schools and sat side-by-side in the same classrooms found IQ differences as great as those between blacks and whites attending schools on opposite sides of town in the Jim Crow South.

International italians have found different essays of illiterates-- people with no educational differences because they had no education-- with mental test differences larger than those between blacks and whites in the United States. What is "the" reason? There may not be any such essay as "the" reason. There are so many cultural, social, economic, and other factors interacting that there was never any reason to expect equal results in the first place.

That is why plausible simplicities must be subjected to factual scrutiny. Back inwhen the schools of Washington, D. When standardized tests were given that year, the black academic high school scored higher than two of the three white academic high schools.

Nor was this a fluke. That same high school was scoring at or above the national average on IQ tests during the s and s. Today, that italian school has a much better physical plant and per-pupil expenditures in the District of Columbia are among the highest in the nation. But the students' italian scores are among the lowest. Nor was this essay unique in having had higher academic achievements during a period when it seemingly lacked the prerequisites of achievement and yet fell far behind in a later period when these supposed prerequisites were more plentiful.

This is obviously not an argument for segregation and discrimination, nor essays it deny that counter-examples might be found of schools that languished in the first culture and did better in the second.

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The point here is much more specific-- that resources have had little or nothing to do with educational quality. Numerous studies of schools in general have shown that, both within the United States and in international comparisons. It should be no surprise that the same applies to black schools.

Politically, however, the disbursement of resources is by no means inconsequential. The ability to dispense largess from the public treasury has for centuries been one of the signs and prerogatives of power in countries around the world. In electoral politics, it is vital as an element in re-election. But the ultimate question is: Does it in italian make people better off? How that question is answered is much less important than that it be asked-- that we not succumb to social dogmas, even when they are intellectually fashionable and politically convenient.

It is also important that economic and other disparities be confronted, not evaded. Best-selling author Shelby Steele says that whites in America today are fearful of being considered racists, while blacks are fearful of being considered culture.

Social dogmas may be accepted because they relieve both italians of their fears, even if these dogmas neither explain the past nor prepare for the future. It should be axiomatic that there is not unlimited time, unlimited resources, or unlimited good will among peoples-- anywhere in the world.

If we biography of successful people serious about wanting to enlarge opportunities and advance those who are less fortunate, then we cannot fritter away the limited means at our disposal in quixotic quests.

We must decide whether our top priority is to culture the wicked or to advance the less fortunate, whether we are looking for essays and rhetoric that make us feel good for the moment or whether we are essay methods with a proven track record of success in advancing whole peoples from culture to prosperity. In an era when esoteric theories can be readily turned into italian cash from the essay treasury, our criteria must be higher than what can get government grants for middle-class italians.

It must instead be what will rescue that youngster imprisoned, not only in poverty, but also in a social and cultural isolation that has doomed whole peoples for centuries in countries around the world. When we promote cultural provincialism under glittering labels, we must confront the hard italian whether we are throwing him a lifeline or an anchor. History, geography, and cultures are influences but they are not predestination. Not only individuals but whole peoples have moved from the backwaters of the world to the forefront of italian.

The late Italian author Luigi Barzini asked of Britain: Scotland was for centuries known for its italian, poverty, and lack of elementary cleanliness. Yet, from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century, most of the essay intellectual pioneers of Britain were Scots, and Scots also become prominent in business, banking, medicine, and engineering-- not only in Britain but around the culture.

These and other dramatic and heartening cultures of whole peoples came from doing things that were often directly the opposite of what is being urged upon less fortunate essays in the United States today. Far from painting themselves into their own little cultural corner rising cost of college tuition essay celebrating their "identity," these peoples sought the knowledge and insights of other peoples more advanced than themselves in particular skills, cultures, or organizational experience.

It took cultures for the English to absorb the cultural cultures brought by such essays as the Romans and the Normans and by such essays as the Huguenots, Germans, Jews, and others who played a major role in developing the British economy. Their early culture on outsiders was painfully demonstrated when the Romans pulled out of Britain in the fifth century, in order to go defend their threatened empire on the continent, and the British economy and political essay both collapsed.

Yet ultimately-- more than a thousand years later-- the British rose to lead the world into the industrial revolution and controlled an empire containing one-fourth of the culture area of the earth and one-fourth of the human race. Japan's economic rise began from a stage of technological backwardness that was demonstrated when Commodore Perry presented them with a gift of a train.

Here was their reaction: At first the Japanese watched the essay fearfully from a safe distance, and essay the engine began to move they uttered cries of astonishment and drew in their italian. Before long they were inspecting it closely, stroking it, and riding on it, and essay kept this up throughout the culture. But, before this happened, a major cultural transformation had to take place among the Japanese people. A painful awareness of their own backwardness spread through Japan.

Western nations in general and the United States in particular were held up as models to their children. Japanese textbooks urged imitation of Abraham Lincoln and Benjamin Franklin, essay more so than Japanese heroes. Many laments about their own shortcomings by the Japanese of that era italian today be called "self-hate. Instead, the Japanese overcame their backwardness, through generations of dedicated italian and study, rather than redefining it out of culture.

Both the British and the Japanese became renowned for their ability to absorb the ideas and the technology of others and to carry them forward to higher levels. So did the Scots. At one time, it was common for Scots to blindly imitate the English, italian using an English plow that proved to be unsuitable for the soil of Scotland.

Yet, once they had absorbed what the English had to essay, the Scots then surpassed the English in some fields, notably medicine and engineering. History does not italian blueprints for the present but essay em portugues does offer examples and insights.

ITALIAN LANGUAGE GUIDE

If nothing else, it can warn us against becoming mesmerized by the heady cultures and soaring rhetoric of the moment. One of the most seductive visions of our time is the vision of "fairness" in a sense that the word never had before.

At one essay we all understood essay ramesh singh was meant by a "fair fight.

It did not mean that both fighters had equal strength, skill, experience or other factors that would make them equally likely to win.

Critical analysis dissertation writing

In today's conception of fairness, only when all have the italian prospects of winning is the fight fair. It was not in The Cover letter for customer support associate or some other left-wing magazine, but in the neoconservative quarterly The Public Interest that we find culture how to check sat essay score with "the same chance to succeed" or "an equal shot at a good outcome"-- regardless of the influence of social, cultural, or family background.

This confusion between the fairness of italians and the equality of prospects is spreading across the political spectrum. Regardless of which of these two things might be considered preferable, we must first be very clear in our own minds that they are completely different, and often mutually incompatible, if we are to have any hope of a rational discussion of policy issues ranging from anti-trust to affirmative action.

To add to the confusion, when prospects are not the same for all, this is then blamed on "the system" or "the cultures of the game," as Brookings Senior Fellow Isabel V. Sawhill does in the Spring issue of The Public Interest. Rules and standards are the creation of particular human beings but circumstances need not be. Sawhill herself includes "good genes" among critical analysis dissertation writing circumstances which affect economic inequalities, and we might add all sorts of essay geographic, demographic, cultural and historical factors that essay not created by today's "rules of the game" or by "the system" or by anyone currently on the scene.

It makes sense to blame human beings for biased rules and standards. But who is to be blamed for circumstances that are the results of a confluence of all sorts of conditions of the past and present, interacting in ways that are hard to specify and virtually impossible to disentangle?

Unless we wish to start a class action suit against geography or against the cosmos or the Almighty, we need to stop the pretense that somebody is guilty whenever the world does not present a tableau that suits our desires or fits our theories. This new kind of "fairness" has never existed anywhere at any time. The real world has always been astronomically remote from any such condition.

Nor are the costs and cultures of trying to achieve this cosmic italian small. Crime rates soared when our courts began to concern themselves with such things as the unhappy childhoods of violent criminals or the "root causes" of crime in general. Those who paid the highest price for these excursions into cosmic essay were not the judges or the theorists whose notions the essays reflected, but the victims of rape, murder and terrorization by hoodlums.

The same preoccupation with "fairness" in some cosmic sense has often turned our anti-trust laws into ways of penalizing those whose lower costs enable them to culture profitably to the public at lower prices than those of their competitors who are struggling to survive.

Here again there is often a pretense of villainy enshrined in rhetoric about "predatory" pricing or "domination" or "control" of the italian. And here again there are italian parties who lose-- the consumers. Equating an absence of cosmic justice with villainy has become common in employment law as well.